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There is an instrument-making in St. Petersburg, Russian, it call Kazitsky Manufacturing. Nowadays it is a typical post Soviet facility that has no interest but it has an interning history in context of Milq’s MF channel. The Kazitsky Manufacturing was founded in 1853 as the telegraph workshops for German based “Siemens and Halske”. Eventually it grown from a small 15 workers workshop on Vasilevsky Island to a manufacturing plant specializing on assembly of the Hughes telegraphs.  The plane was owned by brothers Karl and Werner Siemens. Новое для царской России телеграфное дело оказалось прибыльным, и братья Сименс вскоре возводят на месте мастерской корпуса электротехнического завода «Сименс и Гальске». New to tsarist Russia telegraph business was profitable and the Siemens and Halske grow to produce dynamo mashies, telegraph equipment and railway signaling devises. . В 1902 году завод начал сборку радиостанций из немецких деталей. In 1902 the plant began assembling radios from German parts.  The Radio industry at that time was booming in Russia. Since 1914 Russia started producing own tubes and in 3 months later they built two identical the most powerful in Europe sparkle radio transmitters – 300kW each.  In two years, since 1916 Russia produces a full spectrum of own tubes.

In 1917, after the October Revolution, the Commies nationalized the Siemens and Halske company and used it as a repair shop for Red Army radiostations. Mr. Kazitsky was some kind of Soviet leader of that time who was killed in 1919 and in 1922 Soviets granted to the “Siemens and Halske” the new name - Kazitsky Manufacturing, the name stuck. The Soviet state has begun to build radio service in Russia at that time and Петроградскому телеграфному заводу поручили организовать производство радио вещательной аппаратуры и вскоре в магазинах появились первые радиоприёмники - "Радиолина". Kazitsky plant was commissioned to organize production of radio broadcasting equipment . The Kazitsky plant got new equipment, research laboratory, etc.

In 1923 Kozitsky Plant organized production of own vacuum-tube radios. At that time Russia had more than 400 transmitters of different capacities and the Kozitsky Plant produced AM receivers, short-wave receivers, and a few models of amplifiers. In 1923 Kozitsky Plant mass produces 1.2W and 4kW transmitters and flooded Russian internal market with wide-band consumer radios. At that time Russians tubes were made in many locations and in 1927-1928 they begin to merge. One of the merged plans – the Svetlana was producing in 1928 over 500,000 amplifier tubes and over 11.000 transmitter tubes. At that time in Russia there were 65 stations and 21.000 re-transmitters.

In 1930 the Kozitsky Plant produces tone of 5-tube AM/SW radios that are battery powered; they also started production of TV receives.  In context of this thread the next move that Kozitsky does is very cool. In 1932-33 Kozitsky Plant begin production of AC powered radio – the model AKL4. It was AM/SW receiver with, direct heated triode power amplifier and leather-suspended driver.

http://www.rw6ase.narod.ru/ej/ej/ekl4_34.html   (the images are clickable)

In this radio Kozitsky first employed the YO104 power triode. Here is the AKL4 circuit.

 Here are the Y0104 datasheet. It was specially designed to be driven with AC on filaments

Here are the Russian 4V power tubes of the period. Pay attention that YO104 and YO186 are virtually identical.

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